Industrial

A premium quality Hydraulic oil formulated from solvent refined mineral base oils with additives to provide excellent protection against oxidation, corrosion, wear and foaming. This hydraulic oil is blended to ISO 32 viscosity grade requirements and is suitable for use in a wide range of mobile and static hydraulic equipment...

A premium quality Hydraulic oil formulated from solvent refined mineral base oils with additives to provide excellent protection against oxidation, corrosion, wear and foaming. This hydraulic oil is blended to ISO 46 viscosity grade requirements and is suitable for use in a wide range of mobile and static hydraulic equipment including forklifts, excavators, lifts, presses

This Lithium grease is highly recommended for all automotive use where a multipurpose grease is required for wheel bearings and chassis lubrication. This grease is particularly suited for the lubrication of construction and mining equipment such as bulldozers, scrapers, loading shovel and all off highway trucks where greased components are subjected to continuous heavy loads and shock loads.

Premier slideway 68 is a premium quality machine tool slideway oil formulated to meet the requirements of the latest machine tool slideways, tables, carriages, guides and general machine operations including hydraulics and gear boxes. Slideway oils are formulated from high viscosity index solvent refined mineral base oils fortified with additives to prevent oxidation, corrosion and wear, and deliver excellent lubrication

This semi fluid, soft lithium based greases has been specially designed for use in centralised lubrication systems. It is easily pumped, has superb oxidation resistance, exceptional mechanical stability, good water resistance and rust protection and can be used over a wide range of operating temperatures.It conforms to all leading bearing manufacturers specifications for general purpose

Lydian Degreaser is recommended for removal of oil grease and dirt from metal, paintwork and concrete. Typical uses include cleaning used engines prior to overhaul, removing build-up on pipes and steelworks, cleaning concrete and brickwork. Many uses can be found in factories, yards and

compounds, where oil and grease build up is a problem, or perhaps even dangerous for vehicles and pedestrians. 

K2 EP Lithium Complex Red Grease is a mineral oil based lithium complex soap thickened grease, containing performance additives. The additives provide extreme pressure (EP), oxidation, rust and corrosion protection, ensuring effective lubrication is achieved even under the most severe conditions. It has excellent sealing properties which help protect bearings against corrosive atmospheres and the ingress

Premium hydraulic oil - ISO VG 32 with excellent anti-wear properties and corrosion inhibition. Good anti-foam plus rapid air release prevents sponginess, ensuring a positive hydraulic response. Ideal for use in mobile plant.

When mixed with water Supercut 1000 forms a stable milky emulsion which can be used in most conventional machining operations. Unison Edgeplus is a cost effective product that exhibits excellent corrosion protection and exceptional service life for a conventional fluid of this type.

A translucent green, biostable, micro-emulsion metalworking fluid that offers excellent workpiece visibility and extended sump life. It is non-staining to ferrous and non-ferrous materials which enables it to be used on a wide variety of metals from medium tensile and high carbon steels to cuprous alloys and cast iron. It is particularly suited to modern CNC machning centres. Premiercut GP is ideal

Forms a good stable milky emulsion, even in hard waters up to 400 ppm Ca CO3 hardness. Good inhibition against corrosion of a wide range of ferrous metals, giving protection to workpiece and machine parts. Also good resistance to contact corrosion, so workpieces may be stacked without staining taking place. Low staining potential on many non-ferrous metals including copper and its alloys

Terza 7060 is a high quality low viscosity mould release oil containing solvent refined mineral oil, hydrocarbon solvent and lubricity additives.  It has been specially produced for use in high rate production of fired clay and concrete building products.  This is a low viscosity fluid, which after the evaporation of the solvent, dries to a tenacious oily film on the mould surface.  The

Premium hydraulic oils - ISO VG 46, with excellent anti-wear properties and corrosion inhibition. Good anti-foam plus rapid air release prevents sponginess, ensuring a positive hydraulic response. Ideal for use in mobile plant.

Tabor OK finds use in a variety of applications e.g. as a process oil, degreasing medium and as a dielectric fluid for spark erosion.  It is also suitable as a replacement for chlorinated solvents in certain applications and may be used as a lower odour, high flash point alternative to white spirit  where the evaporation rate is not critical.

A high performance neat cutting oil specifically developed for use on severe applications.

Premium Blue lithium / calcium base grease is an extremely sophisticated lithium / calcium base grease which incorporates modern polymer technology. This advanced grease has a high level of water tolerance, mechanical stability and adherence. has exceptional load carrying ability and will cope with constant high levels of loads and shock loading. Its wide application temperature range makes

Tabor 95 is a high quality concrete mould oil specially designed for production of slabs, posts and pavings where precision steel moulds are used. The formulation of light mineral oil, reactive fats and lubricity agents, is free of both solvents and wool fats and therefore the finished product has a low odour and a light colour. This product has better operator acceptability than traditional mould

Petro-Canada Peerless LLG grease is premium multi-application calcium sulphonate complex grease, Peerless LLG provides outstanding oxidation stability, excellent water resistance, outstanding rust protection and excellent load carrying ability under high operating temperatures.

High viscosity index hydraulic oil, formulated from high quality minerals oils and the latest anti-wear technology. They are ideal for hydraulic systems subjected to the very extremes of operating conditions and temperatures, from frozen food stores (-20oC) to industrial hydraulic systems at elevated temperatures and off highway equipment.Recommended for both Industrial and off highway hydraulic systems

S-3403 is a special synthetic chain lubricant specifically designed and manufactured for use in high temperatures and other adverse conditions where conventional lubricants would fail.  It is a blend of polyisobutylene, esters and performance enhancing additives that have excellent thermal stability at elevated temperatures.

Terza M-107 has been specially produced for use in high rate production of concrete roof tiles, on the type of machines where the moulds are continuously chain driven past the pouring hopper.  This is a low viscosity fluid, which after the evaporation of the solvent, dries to a tenacious oily film on the mould surface.  The low viscosity helps the film to flow and cover the mould surfaces, and spread

TDR Paste: A waxy paste usually applied by dipping the tool into the product.  

Petro-Canada’s HYDREX XV All Season hydraulic fluid is recommended for year-round use in piston, gear and vane hydraulic pumps found on industrial machinery and mobile equipment.

Premium hydraulic oils - ISO VG 68, excellent anti-wear properties and corrosion inhibition. Good anti-foam plus rapid air release prevents sponginess, ensuring a positive hydraulic response. Ideal for use in mobile plant.

A viscous liquid usually applied by the use of squeeze or dripping bottle.

A lead free anti seize compound, made from high quality mineral oils, bentonite (clay) thickener and fine copper powder. Anti-seize properties enable this grease to work even if the joints become so compressed that most of the compound is squeezed out, or excessive temperature flashes off the oily part of the compound. A fine film of copper particles always remain in joints or threads to prevent seizure

K48 is specially formulated for use in industrial equipment, cars, vans, trucks and construction plant such as bulldozers, scrapers, loading shovels and dump trucks where it will give superior performance, in all industrial plain and rolling element bearings.

Astra Slideway Lubricants have been specifically developed for the lubrication of machine tool slideways and tables. They have been formulated from high quality mineral oil, performance additives and incorporate a tackifier to ensure that the lubricant adheres to the moving parts at all times. The performance additives provide outstanding resistance to oxidation, corrosion and wear and eliminate stick

Specially formulated range of ashless compressor oils for the lubrication of both reciprocating and rotary air compressors.

Astra Slideway Lubricants have been specifically developed for the lubrication of machine tool slideways and tables. They have been formulated from high quality mineral oil, performance additives and incorporate a tackifier to ensure that the lubricant adheres to the moving parts at all times. The performance additives provide outstanding resistance to oxidation, corrosion and wear and eliminate stick

Astra Slideway Lubricants have been specifically developed for the lubrication of machine tool slideways and tables. They have been formulated from high quality mineral oil, performance additives and incorporate a tackifier to ensure that the lubricant adheres to the moving parts at all times. The performance additives provide outstanding resistance to oxidation, corrosion and wear and eliminate stick

K6 is a premium quality, water resistance grease for use in industrial and marine applications where the presence of water and humid atmospheres can effect lubricating performance and be detrimental to the protection of parts from corrosion. K6 is further enhanced with a special additive which provides additional protection and lubrication in areas where excessive levels of water are prevalent such

Workshop Pro White Spray Grease is a combination of a Calcium and Zinc based grease in an aerosol form offering good resistance to water and heat. The product also offers long lasting protection against corrosion.

A nitrite-free, mineral oil free grinding fluid incorporating the latest biostable technology.

Airforce EP22 is a premium quality, low viscosity airline oil, specifically designed for the lubrication of air tools. It has a low pour point and special additives to protect against rust, corrosion and water washing. This grade also has excellent anti-wear and EP properties, providing component protection in the most demanding of systems. Airforce EP22 contains a vital antifogging agent to maintain

Astra Slideway Lubricants have been specifically developed for the lubrication of machine tool slideways and tables. They have been formulated from high quality mineral oil, performance additives and incorporate a tackifier to ensure that the lubricant adheres to the moving parts at all times. The performance additives provide outstanding resistance to oxidation, corrosion and wear and eliminate stick

Specially formulated range of ashless compressor oils for the lubrication of both reciprocating and rotary air compressors.

This range of semi fluid, soft Lithium based greases have been specially designed for use in centralised lubrication systems. They are easily pumped, have superb oxidation resistance, exceptional mechanical stability, good water resistance and rust protection and can be used over a wide range of operating temperatures. They conform to all leading bearing manufacturers specifications for general purpose

A range of high quality mineral oil based hydraulic oils, incorporating ashless additive technology and available in a variety of viscosity grades. They are rust and oxidation inhibited and will provide protection against corrosion even in the presence of seawater. Excellent anti-wear and EP properties provide protection against wear in the most demanding of systems.

Astra Slideway Lubricants have been specifically developed for the lubrication of machine tool slideways and tables. They have been formulated from high quality mineral oil, performance additives and incorporate a tackifier to ensure that the lubricant adheres to the moving parts at all times. The performance additives provide outstanding resistance to oxidation, corrosion and wear and eliminate stick

Milking Machine Vacuum Pump Oil is a high quality vacuum pump oil specially developed for use in milking machines. This oil is formulated from specially selected highly refined mineral oils. Milking machine reliability is of the utmost importance in dairy management and therefore this product has been designed with the following outstanding features.

This is a low viscosity water white mineral oil specially prepared as a reference fluid for diesel injection testing equipment. A fluid such as Seria Fuel Pump Test Oil is produced to very close specification limits, which are essential for accurate and consistent results in test equipment. It is not possible to perform these testing procedures with diesel fuels that can vary considerably in viscosity

Specially formulated ‘2000 hour’ fluid developed to meet the requirements of hydrovane compressors and other similar vane compressors, ensuring long, trouble-free compressor life, wherever a fluid of this viscosity is recommended by the manufacturer.

Supercut 4000 is a micro-emulsion metalworking fluid is readily miscible with most mains water to produce a translucent green emulsion that is suited to a wide variety of applications. Supercut 4000 has excellent lubricity, is low foaming, offers excellent workpiece visibility, excellent resistance to bacterial degradation and  extended sump life.  

A mineral based zinc free ISO VG 15 hydraulic oil for use in certain powersteering and brake activator systems, including JCB where specified.     

Supergrind Plus is a fully synthetic grinding fluid offering exceptional performance and extended sump life in most grinding operations. It is formulated using the latest technology and offers excellent corrosion protection, stable solutions, low foaming tendency, excellent fines separation and resistance to degradation by bacteria or fungi. The synthetic formulation also alleviates &ldquowheel glazing

A range of gear oils, combining synthetic base fluids and powerful extreme pressure (EP) additives, for use in industrial gear systems. Lodexol FS Industrial Gear Oils are formulated to protect against wear, oxidation, foam, rust and corrosion.The synthetic base fluids used in this range have outstanding thermal stability ensuring that gear systems running at elevated temperatures have the correct

A biostable, semi-synthetic cutting fluid designed for use in applications where extra lubricity and extreme pressure properties are required, such as: Sawing of aluminium and aerospace alloys. Broaching. Screw cutting of alloy steels. Deep hole boring. Spray applied gun drilling Forming.

Specially formulated range of ashless compressor oils for the lubrication of both reciprocating and rotary air compressors.

Specially formulated range of ashless compressor oils for the lubrication of both reciprocating and rotary air compressors.

Specially selected base oils and additives ensure a low misting potential in use, whilst also ensuring excellent flushing of honing stones and excellent swarf separation. Marcia H may also be utilised in a number of  light to medium duty applications involving free cutting ferrous alloys.

Specially formulated ‘2000 hour’ fluid developed to meet the requirements of hydrovane compressors and other similar vane compressors, ensuring long, trouble-free compressor life, wherever a fluid of this viscosity is recommended by the manufacturer.

High viscosity index hydraulic oil, formulated from high quality minerals oils and the latest anti-wear technology. Ideal for hydraulic systems subjected to the very extremes of operating conditions and temperatures, from frozen food stores (-20oC) to industrial hydraulic systems at elevated temperatures and off highway equipment.Recommended for both Industrial and off highway hydraulic systems, where

High viscosity index hydraulic oil, formulated from high quality minerals oils and the latest anti-wear technology. Ideal for hydraulic systems subjected to the very extremes of operating conditions and temperatures, from frozen food stores (-20oC) to industrial hydraulic systems at elevated temperatures and off highway equipment.Recommended for both Industrial and off highway hydraulic systems, where

Formulated for applications involving high removal rates of ferrous and non-ferrous materials. Due to the unique formulation, this product combines properties which ensure extremely good flushing performance coupled with low foaming characteristics that allow the fluid to stay clear and clean.Supergrind MP is part of the new generation of grinding fluids which are nitrite, mineral oil, sulphur, chlorine

K3 is a premium quality, water resistant grease for use in industrial and marine applications where the presence of water and humid atmospheres can effect lubricating performance and be detrimental to the protection of parts from corrosion. K3 is further enhanced with a special additive which provides additional protection and lubrication in areas where excessive levels of water are prevalent such

A range of high quality mineral oil based hydraulic oils, incorporating ashless additive technology and available in a variety of viscosity grades. They are rust and oxidation inhibited and will provide protection against corrosion even in the presence of seawater.

Through its exceptional balance of cooling and lubricating properties, it has the outstanding ability to produce ultra-fine surface finishes. The product may be used on all metal types with the exception of hard metal carbides, and is especially recommended for non-metals, composites and glasses.Supergrind Ultra is ideal for surface grinding and roll grinding and may be used for ultra high speed machining

A range of high quality mineral oil based hydraulic oils, incorporating ashless additive technology and available in a variety of viscosity grades. They are rust and oxidation inhibited and will provide protection against corrosion even in the presence of seawater. Excellent anti-wear and EP properties provide protection against wear in the most demanding of systems.

Non-abrasive cleaner and degreaser

K62 is a premium quality non-melting grease for use in plain and anti-friction bearings subjected to elevated temperatures. The consistency of the grease remains stable throughout a wide temperature range.

Contains high levels of extreme pressure and lubricity additives thereby making it suitable for many arduous applications on hardened ferrous metals, high alloy steels and stainless. Despite its high EP loading Marcia T is a light coloured, low odour product, and hence has better operator acceptability than traditional products based on sulphurised fats.The high levels of EP and lubricity additives

Morris Cora B is suited to general machining operations on ferrous metals up to medium tensile steels and non-ferrous metals. The additive system ensures improved surface finish and tool life whilst remaining non-staining to copper and its alloys.

Morris Lubricants Transformer Oil is a highly refined naphthenic product for use solely in oil filled transformers and other electrical equipment.  The base stock and refining process has been specifically chosen to produce a long life product free of oxidation and sludging tendencies.

A range of high quality mineral oil based hydraulic oils, incorporating ashless additive technology and available in a variety of viscosity grades. They are rust and oxidation inhibited and will provide protection against corrosion even in the presence of seawater. Excellent anti-wear and EP properties provide protection against wear in the most demanding of systems.

A range of fully synthetic gear oils, manufactured from polyalkylene glycol (PAG) fluids and specialised extreme pressure (EP) additives, to provide outstanding protection at all temperatures to industrial gear systems. Unlike conventional gear oils PAG fluids maintain an effective lubricating film over a wide operating temperature range, from artic conditions to high thermal loadings. PAG Fluids

A range of high quality mineral oil based hydraulic oils, incorporating ashless additive technology and available in a variety of viscosity grades. They are rust and oxidation inhibited and will provide protection against corrosion even in the presence of seawater.

A range of high quality mineral oil based hydraulic oils, incorporating ashless additive technology and available in a variety of viscosity grades. They are rust and oxidation inhibited and will provide protection against corrosion even in the presence of seawater. Excellent anti-wear and EP properties provide protection against wear in the most demanding of systems.

A range of gear oils, combining high quality mineral oils and extreme pressure (EP) additives for use in industrial gear systems

Largo P1 is a highly refined, low odour, low viscosity mineral oil possessing excellent lubricating properties, good

Recommended for both Industrial and off highway hydraulic systems, where extreme operating conditions are encountered. Can also be used in hydrostatic drives, power steering systems, brake systems and other applications where products of this type and specification required.

Durable coating for sealing and protecting

Liquisafe 46 is a high quality fire resistant hydraulic fluid blended with high and low molecular weight polyalkylene glycols in a stable water solution. The formulation includes special chemical additives that inhibit the formation of rust in the system, and provide anti-wear properties equal to that of mineral hydraulic oils. This product is compatible with all seals normally found in systems

Supercut 8000 yields multi-metal compatibility, high tolerance to tramp oil and excellent surface finishes on many different alloys. The product has been specifically developed for use witnthe more difficult to machine alloys, whilst carefully selected corrosion inhibitor systems ensure stain free performance3 on steels, brasses and aerospace aluminium alloys.

A range of gear oils, combining high quality mineral oils and extreme pressure (EP) additives for use in industrial gear systems. Lodexol Industrial Gear Oils have high load carrying capability and are formulated to protect against wear, oxidation, foam, rust and corrosion.

Arcato R refrigeration oils are designed for use in refrigeration and air conditioning system compressors. The range is manufactured from high quality naphthenic mineral oils, providing the stability and low temperature characteristics necessary for the correct lubrication and operation for this type of equipment.

High viscosity index hydraulic oil, formulated from high quality minerals oils and the latest anti-wear technology. Ideal for hydraulic systems subjected to the very extremes of operating conditions and temperatures, from frozen food stores (-20oC) to industrial hydraulic systems at elevated temperatures and off highway equipment.Recommended for both Industrial and off highway hydraulic systems, where

Supergrind SW is a fully synthetic water-mix grinding fluid that forms a true solution when diluted with water. Supergrind SW is formulated to have a very low foaming tendency, even when used with soft water. 

The Alto range of machine oils contain anti-rust and antioxidant additives (R&O) that are blended into high quality mineral oils that possess good natural lubricating properties enhanced by modern refining techniques. They have good viscosity indices and separate from water cleanly and quickly.

A range of high quality mineral oil based hydraulic oils, incorporating ashless additive technology and available in a variety of viscosity grades. They are rust and oxidation inhibited and will provide protection against corrosion even in the presence of seawater. Excellent anti-wear and EP properties provide protection against wear in the most demanding of systems.

A range of fully synthetic gear oils, manufactured from polyalkylene glycol (PAG) fluids and specialised extreme pressure (EP) additives, to provide outstanding protection at all temperatures to industrial gear systems. Unlike conventional gear oils PAG fluids maintain an effective lubricating film over a wide operating temperature range, from artic conditions to high thermal loadings.

A range of gear oils, combining synthetic base fluids and powerful extreme pressure (EP) additives, for use in industrial gear systems. Lodexol FS Industrial Gear Oils are formulated to protect against wear, oxidation, foam, rust and corrosion.The synthetic base fluids used in this range have outstanding thermal stability ensuring that gear systems running at elevated temperatures have the correct

A range of industrial gear oils, combining high quality mineral oils and extreme pressure (EP) additives, intended for use in industrial gear systems of the spur, helical and straight and spiral bevel types. Lodexol Industrial Gear Oils have high load carrying capability and ensure 'clean’ gear performance under conditions of high temperature and oxidation. Additionally these grades provide strong protection against wear, oxidation, foam, rust and corrosion.

Contains extreme pressure additives to reduce tool wear and improve machined finish

Dry PTFE based lubricant for quick and clean assembly and dismantling

The Alto range of machine oils contain anti-rust and antioxidant additives (R&O) that are blended into high quality mineral oils that possess good natural lubricating properties enhanced by modern refining techniques. They have good viscosity indices and separate from water cleanly and quickly.

Hard metals such as tungsten carbide contain significant amounts of Cobalt in their make-up. It has been shown* that if released into the work place, Cobalt poses a health hazard to machine operators. If conventional synthetic grinding fluids are used to grind carbides, Cobalt is automatically released into the fluid and builds up to harmful levels. A specialist product is therefore required to prevent

Description

K968 is a premium quality, water resistant grease for use in food processing environments where incidental food contact may occur.

SUPERCUT G has multi-metal compatibility, tolerance to tramp oil and bacterial degradation , helps reduce tool wear and gives excellent surface finishes on many different alloys.  Supercut G has been developed specifically for use with the more difficult to machine alloys and aluminium.  Carefully selected corrosion inhibitor systems ensure stain free performance on most metals including steels

This  semi fluid, soft Lithium based greases has been specially designed for use in centralised lubrication systems. It is easily pumped, has superb oxidation resistance, exceptional mechanical stability, good water resistance and rust protection and can be used over a wide range of operating temperatures.It conforms to all leading bearing manufacturers specifications for general purpose

K15is a black residual lubricant, which has been compounded with fatty agents to give extra oiliness and water resistance. This tough lubricant has tremendous film strength and adhesion to metal surfaces. It acts as a cushion between moving parts, providing outstanding protection against wear, rust, corrosion, and quietening of noisy gears. This lubricant is not dislodged from metal parts by water

Clean Lubricant for the release of seized and rusted components

Provides a tenacious lubricant film to exposed gears and wire ropes

Recommended for both Industrial and off highway hydraulic systems, where extreme operating conditions are encountered. Can also be used in hydrostatic drives, power steering systems, brake systems and other applications where products of this type and specification required.

Liquimatic VG5 is a low viscosity hydraulic oil blended from high quality mineral oils and a balanced additive system. It possesses excellent lubricating properties, with reduced oil mist and demulsification performance.

The Alto range of machine oils contain anti-rust and antioxidant additives (R&O) that are blended into high quality mineral oils that possess good natural lubricating properties enhanced by modern refining techniques. They have good viscosity indices and separate from water cleanly and quickly.

A range of gear oils, combining high quality mineral oils and extreme pressure (EP) additives for use in industrial gear systems. Lodexol Industrial Gear Oils have high load carrying capability and are formulated to protect against wear, oxidation, foam, rust and corrosion.

Magnaplex K982 an aluminium complex grease specifically formulated for use on open gears. This product has high load carrying and adhesive characteristics, which not only allow it to be used on gears with circumferential speeds in excess of 20m/sec., but also where exceptionally high loads and slow sliding speeds are encountered. It is free of bitumen, solvents and other components, which are hazardous

Atonal Heat Transfer Oils are manufactured with high quality mineral oils and incorporate powerful oxidation inhibitors to ensure the necessary thermal stability for high working temperatures over long periods.  These products contain additives to prevent rust and corrosion that can occur in systems that are vulnerable to condensation between operations.  Anti-foam additives are also incorporated

Anti-fling extreme pressure water resistant lubricant

Fast evaporating non-corroding electrical cleaner

Effective non-silicone mould release up to 200°C

Durable zinc protector and primer

Quick drying zinc protective coating

A range of fully synthetic gear oils, manufactured from polyalkylene glycol (PAG) fluids and specialised extreme pressure (EP) additives, to provide outstanding protection at all temperatures to industrial gear systems. Unlike conventional gear oils PAG fluids maintain an effective lubricating film over a wide operating temperature range, from artic conditions to high thermal loadings.

A range of gear oils, combining high quality mineral oils and extreme pressure (EP) additives for use in industrial gear systems. Lodexol Industrial Gear Oils have high load carrying capability and are formulated to protect against wear, oxidation, foam, rust and corrosion.

The Alto range of machine oils contain anti-rust and antioxidant additives (R&O) that are blended into high quality mineral oils that possess good natural lubricating properties enhanced by modern refining techniques. They have good viscosity indices and separate from water cleanly and quickly.

Non staining, extreme pressure grease for high load applications

AIR FORCE 8000 FS is a range of ester based, fully synthetic, compressor lubricants designed specifically to meet the requirements of rotary screw compressors including modern, variable speed types. They incorporate the latest additive technology and have proved to be far superior in performance to conventional oils under all conditions.

A range of gear oils, combining synthetic base fluids and powerful extreme pressure (EP) additives, for use in industrial gear systems. Lodexol FS Industrial Gear Oils are formulated to protect against wear, oxidation, foam, rust and corrosion.